Kaiden Guhle had a goal and two assists, and Jacob Fowler made 19 saves for the Canadiens (38-21-10), who had lost three of four (1-3-0), including 3-1 at the Detroit Red Wings on Thursday.
Montreal remained four points behind the Tampa Bay Lightning for second place in the Atlantic Division.
“Our group is finding its best version, but I feel you can’t have a group finding its best version without the individual finding their best version,” Canadiens coach Martin St. Louis said. “And a lot of guys are starting to find their best version.”
Matthew Schaefer scored for the Islanders (39-26-5), who lost 3-2 at the Ottawa Senators on Thursday after winning four of five (4-1-0). Ilya Sorokin allowed six goals on 32 shots before he was replaced at 11:20 of the third period. David Rittich saved three of the four shots he faced in relief.
New York remained one point behind the Detroit Red Wings for the second wild card into the Stanley Cup Playoffs from the Eastern Conference.
“I think it slipped away in the second period, when we hit those two posts,” Islanders coach Patrick Roy said. “I thought that was the difference in the game, and we could have made it 3-1, and they scored that late goal in that second period on their power play. We tied the game. Unfortunately, it was a bad bounce on that fourth one, and from there they just took over the game.”
Caufield gave Montreal a 3-2 lead at 19:08 of the second period with the first of his two power-play goals, the second of the Canadiens’ three in the game. Montreal’s first 40-goal scorer since Vincent Damphousse in 1993-94 got his 41st of the season, the most by a Canadiens player in a season since Stephane Richer scored 51 goals in 1989-90.
Schaefer’s power-play goal tied it 3-3 when he scored 45 seconds into the third period on a one-timer from the point. It was the 18-year-old’s 22nd goal of the season, moving him within one of tying Brian Leetch’s record for the most goals in a season by a rookie defenseman (23 goals in 1988-89).